{"id":4756,"date":"2026-05-20T11:14:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T11:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zynoo.com\/blog\/linux-commands-for-server-management\/"},"modified":"2026-10-31T11:37:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-31T11:37:10","slug":"linux-commands-for-server-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zynoo.com\/blog\/vi\/linux-commands-for-server-management\/","title":{"rendered":"25 l\u1ec7nh Linux thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh Linux ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7<\/strong> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t VPS, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 trang web ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 25 l\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c k\u00e8m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u1eafn d\u00e0nh cho Ubuntu, Debian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i Linux ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n

\"l\u1ec7nh<\/figure>\n\n
\n

B\u1ea1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi terminal?<\/strong> H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh SSH cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c Linux.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

<\/span>1. Ki\u1ec3m tra CPU, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n

<\/span>1. top \u2014 Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
top<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CPU, m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1ea5n q<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>2. free \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng RAM, dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>3. uptime \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
uptime<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ea3i trung b\u00ecnh trong 1, 5 v\u00e0 15 ph\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>4. ps \u2014 T\u00ecm c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
ps aux<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh (PID) v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>5. kill \u2014 D\u1eebng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
kill 1234<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
G\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 PID 1234<\/code>. Thay b\u1eb1ng PID th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. H\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u1eebng m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>2. Ki\u1ec3m tra dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>6. df \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>7. du \u2014 T\u00ecm c\u00e1c th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
du -sh \/var\/log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c \/var\/log<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>8. find \u2014 T\u00ecm t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
find \/var\/log -name \"*.log\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
T\u00ecm c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng .log<\/code> trong \/var\/log<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>9. cp \u2014 Sao ch\u00e9p t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
cp config.conf config.conf.bak<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
T\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n sao l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a t\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>10. mv \u2014 Di chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
mv old.conf new.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
\u0110\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u1ec7p. H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn n\u1ebfu t\u1ec7p \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>11. rm \u2014 X\u00f3a t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
rm -i old-backup.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
X\u00f3a t\u1ec7p sau khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n
L\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a t\u1ec7p tr\u00ean Linux th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ec7p v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>3. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd Linux<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i Linux s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng systemd, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>12. systemctl \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
sudo systemctl status nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Cho bi\u1ebft Nginx c\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i Nginx sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n\n
sudo systemctl restart nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Thay nginx<\/code> b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>13. journalctl \u2014 \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt k\u00fd d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
sudo journalctl -u nginx -n 50<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 50 m\u1ee5c nh\u1eadt k\u00fd m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nginx.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>14. tail \u2014 Theo d\u00f5i t\u1ec7p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/nginx\/error.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c m\u1edbi ngay khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o t\u1ec7p. Nh\u1ea5n Ctrl+C<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>15. grep \u2014 T\u00ecm l\u1ed7i<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
grep -i \"error\" application.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
T\u00ecm trong t\u1ec7p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ee9a \u201cerror\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eef hoa v\u00e0 ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>16. less \u2014 \u0110\u1ecdc t\u1ec7p d\u00e0i<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
less application.log<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
M\u1edf t\u1ec7p d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9n xem v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. Nh\u1ea5n \/<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 q<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>4. Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 DNS.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>17. ip \u2014 Xem \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
ip addr show<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>18. ping \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
ping -c 4 1.1.1.1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
G\u1eedi b\u1ed1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ICMP echo. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ng<\/a> ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady ping th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>19. ss \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
sudo ss -tuln<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c socket TCP v\u00e0 UDP \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>20. curl \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i HTTP<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
curl -I https:\/\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 HTTP, h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem trang web c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n
Thay example.com<\/code> b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>5. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>21. chmod \u2014 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
chmod 640 config.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
\u0110\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi cho ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecdc cho nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>22. chown \u2014 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ec7p<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
sudo chown admin:admin config.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
\u0110\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh admin<\/code>. Thay c\u00e1c t\u00ean n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>23. id \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
id<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>6. Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch khi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>24. apt \u2014 Xem c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Tr\u00ean Ubuntu ho\u1eb7c Debian:<\/p>\n\n
sudo apt update\napt list --upgradable<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
L\u00e0m m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin g\u00f3i v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>25. uname \u2014 Ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin kernel<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
uname -r<\/code><\/pre>\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kernel Linux \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y, h\u1eefu \u00edch khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u00e0 kernel.<\/p>\n\n
<\/span>L\u1ec7nh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Linux: B\u1ea3ng tra c\u1ee9u nhanh<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
T\u00e1c v\u1ee5<\/th>L\u1ec7nh<\/th><\/tr>
Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t CPU v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh<\/td>top<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra RAM<\/td>free -h<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a<\/td>df -h<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c<\/td>du -sh \/path<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/td>systemctl status service<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt k\u00fd d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/td>journalctl -u service<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Xem c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe<\/td>ss -tuln<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i HTTP<\/td>curl -I URL<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3m tra phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kernel<\/td>uname -r<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n
<\/span>M\u1eb9o ch\u1ea1y l\u1ec7nh Linux an to\u00e0n<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh ch\u01b0a quen tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n\n